Dr. Baerbel Sinha is an Associate Professor at the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali (IISER Mohali) her work focusses on mechanistic understanding of particulate matter pollution, aerosol source apportionment and emission inventory building. Dr. Sinha is known internationally for state-of-the art experimental studies on in individual particles, and biological samples. Her work contributed significantly towards three publications in Science and two publications in PNAS. Prior to joining IISER Mohali in September 2011, Dr. Sinha worked at the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry in Mainz, Germany for seven years as a doctoral and postdoctoral research scientist first in the biogeochemistry division led by Prof. Meinrat O. Andreae, and later in the particle chemistry division lead by Prof. Borrman. Her doctoral thesis was awarded the highest grade possible for a PhD thesis in Germany (summa cum laude) in 2007. She developed a method to measure stable sulphur isotope ratios in individual aerosol particles and was honoured with the International Journal of Mass Spectrometry Best Student Paper Award awarded by American Society for Mass Spectrometry in Philadelphia, USA, 2009. She did her Master of Science (MSc in Archaeological Sciences) in 2004 from Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg in Germany. Her MSc studies were supported by a Fellowship from the German Merit foundation.

Social Media Links

ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/B-Sinha-2
Scholar.google: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=fpf8gKQAAAAJ&hl=en
Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8614-7473
Webofscience: https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/H-1250-2012
Scopus: https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=14066802700

Poor air quality over the Indo Gangetic Plain has become a matter of public debate and concern. Our research group works on improving air quality action plans by conducting source apportionment studies, deploying low-cost air pollution sensors and developing emission inventories. We also seek to understand the impact of air pollution on food crops and natural vegetation with the help of leaf porometer measurements and stomatal conductance models. Sophisticated single particle techniques such as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AF) and analysis of organic molecular tracers using CHARON TOF MS help us to understand the aerosol composition, study source signature and chemical transformations and understand the effect of particles on human health.

POST DOCTORAL

PhD

MS-Thesis Students

• Kapoor, T.S., Navinya, C., Anurag, G., Lokhande, P., Rathi, S., Goel, A., Sharma, R., Arya, R., Mandal, T.K., Jithin, K.P., Nagendra, S., Imran, M., Kumari, J., Muthalagu, A., Qureshi, A., Najar, T.A., Jehangir, A., Haswani, D., Raman, R.S., Rabha, S., Saikia, B., Lian, Y., Pandithurai, G., Chaudhary, P., Sinha, B., Dhandapani, A., Iqbal, J., Mukherjee, S., Chatterjee, A., Venkataraman, C., Phuleria, H.C. Reassessing the availability of crop residue as a bioenergy resource in India: A field-survey based study (2023) Journal of Environmental Management, 341, art. no. 118055. DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118055
• Navinya, C., Kapoor, T.S., Anurag, G., Lokhande, P., Sharma, R., Prasad SV, L., Nagendra SM, S., Kumari, J., Habib, G., Arya, R., Mandal, T.K., Muthalagu, A., Qureshi, A., Najar, T.A., Jehangir, A., Jain, S., Goel, A., Rabha, S., Saikia, B.K., Chaudhary, P., Sinha, B., Haswani, D., Raman, R.S., Dhandapani, A., Iqbal, J., Mukherjee, S., Chatterjee, A., Lian, Y., Pandithurai, G., Venkataraman, C., Phuleria, H.C. Heating and lighting: understanding overlooked energy-consumption activities in the Indian residential sector (2023) Environmental Research Communications, 5 (4), art. no. 045004. DOI: 10.1088/2515-7620/acca6f
• Sharma, G., Sinha, B. Future emissions of greenhouse gases, particulate matter and volatile organic compounds from municipal solid waste burning in India (2023) Science of the Total Environment, 858, art. no. 159708, DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159708
• Pawar, P.V., Ghude, S.D., Govardhan, G., Acharja, P., Kulkarni, R., Kumar, R., Sinha, B., Sinha, V., Jena, C., Gunwani, P., Adhya, T.K., Nemitz, E., Sutton, M.A. Chloride (HCl / Cl-) dominates inorganic aerosol formation from ammonia in the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter: modeling and comparison with observations (2023) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 23 (1), pp. 41-59. DOI: 10.5194/acp-23-41-2023
• Tibrewal, K., Venkataraman, C., Phuleria, H., Joshi, V., Maithel, S., Damle, A., Gupta, A., Lokhande, P., Rabha, S., Saikia, B.K., Roy, S., Habib, G., Rathi, S., Goel, A., Ahlawat, S., Mandal, T.K., Azharuddin Hashmi, M., Qureshi, A., Dhandapani, A., Iqbal, J., Devaliya, S., Raman, R.S., Lian, Y., Pandithurai, G., Kuppili, S.K., Shiva Nagendra, M., Mukherjee, S., Chatterjee, A., Najar, T.A., Jehangir, A., Singh, J., Sinha, B. Reconciliation of energy use disparities in brick production in India (2023) Nature Sustainability. DOI: 10.1038/s41893-023-01165-x
• Patnana, D.P., Chandra, B.P., Chaudhary, P., Sinha, B., Sinha, V. Optimized LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of endocrine disruptors and PAHs bound to PM2.5: Sources and health risk in Indo-Gangetic Plain (2022) Atmospheric Environment, 290, art. no. 119363. DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2022.119363
• Chaudhary, P., Singh, R., Shabin, M., Sharma, A., Bhatt, S., Sinha, V., Sinha, B. Replacing the greater evil: Can legalizing decentralized waste burning in improved devices reduce waste burning emissions for improved air quality? (2022) Environmental Pollution, 311, art. no. 119897. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119897
• Datta, S., Sharma, A., Sinha, B. Nocturnal pollutant uptake contributes significantly to the total stomatal uptake of Mangifera indica (2022) Environmental Pollution, 310, art. no. 119902. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119902
• Maheshwarkar, P., Ralhan, A., Sunder Raman, R., Tibrewal, K., Venkataraman, C., Dhandapani, A., Kumar, R.N., Mukherjee, S., Chatterje, A., Rabha, S., Saikia, B.K., Bhardwaj, A., Chaudhary, P., Sinha, B., Lokhande, P., Phuleria, H.C., Roy, S., Imran, M., Habib, G., Azharuddin Hashmi, M., Qureshi, A., Qadri, A.M., Gupta, T., Lian, Y., Pandithurai, G., Prasad, L., Murthy, S., Deswal, M., Laura, J.S., Chhangani, A.K., Najar, T.A., Jehangir, A. Understanding the Influence of Meteorology and Emission Sources on PM2.5 Mass Concentrations Across India: First Results From the COALESCE Network (2022) Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 127 (4), art. no. e2021JD035663. DOI: 10.1029/2021JD035663
• Acharja, P., Ali, K., Ghude, S.D., Sinha, V., Sinha, B., Kulkarni, R., Gultepe, I., Rajeevan, M.N. Enhanced secondary aerosol formation driven by excess ammonia during fog episodes in Delhi, India (2022) Chemosphere, 289, art. no. 133155. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133155
• Pawar, H., Sinha, B. Residential heating emissions (can) exceed paddy-residue burning emissions in rural northwest India (2022) Atmospheric Environment, 269, art. no. 118846. DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118846
• Hakkim, H., Kumar, A., Sinha, B., Sinha, V. Air pollution scenario analyses of fleet replacement strategies to accomplish reductions in criteria air pollutants and 74 VOCs over India (2022) Atmospheric Environment: X, 13, art. no. 100150. DOI: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2022.100150
• Sharma, G., Annadate, S., Sinha, B. Will open waste burning become India’s largest air pollution source? (2022) Environmental Pollution, 292, art. no. 118310. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118310
• Datta, S., Sharma, A., Parkar, V., Hakkim, H., Kumar, A., Chauhan, A., Tomar, S.S., Sinha, B. A new index to assess the air quality impact of urban tree plantation (2021) Urban Climate, 40, art. no. 100995. DOI: 10.1016/j.uclim.2021.100995
• Chaudhary, P., Garg, S., George, T., Shabin, M., Saha, S., Subodh, S., Sinha, B. Underreporting and open burning – the two largest challenges for sustainable waste management in India (2021) Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 175, art. no. 105865. DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105865
• Hakkim, H., Kumar, A., Annadate, S., Sinha, B., Sinha, V. RTEII: A new high-resolution (0.1° × 0.1°) road transport emission inventory for India of 74 speciated NMVOCs, CO, NOx, NH3, CH4, CO2, PM2.5 reveals massive overestimation of NOx and CO and missing nitromethane emissions by existing inventories (2021) Atmospheric Environment: X, 11, art. no. 100118. DOI: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2021.100118
• Kumar, A., Hakkim, H., Sinha, B., Sinha, V. Gridded 1 km × 1 km emission inventory for paddy stubble burning emissions over north-west India constrained by measured emission factors of 77 VOCs and district-wise crop yield data (2021) Science of the Total Environment, 789, art. no. 148064. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148064
• Ravindra, K., Singh, T., Sinha, V., Sinha, B., Paul, S., Attri, S.D., Mor, S. Appraisal of regional haze event and its relationship with PM2.5 concentration, crop residue burning and meteorology in Chandigarh, India (2021) Chemosphere, 273, art. no. 128562. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128562
• Mishra, A.K., Sinha, B., Kumar, R., Barth, M., Hakkim, H., Kumar, V., Kumar, A., Datta, S., Guenther, A., Sinha, V. Cropland trees need to be included for accurate model simulations of land-atmosphere heat fluxes, temperature, boundary layer height, and ozone (2021) Science of the Total Environment, 751, art. no. 141728. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141728
• Pawar, H., Sinha, B. Humidity, density, and inlet aspiration efficiency correction improve accuracy of a low-cost sensor during field calibration at a suburban site in the North-Western Indo-Gangetic plain (NW-IGP) (2020) Aerosol Science and Technology, 54 (6), pp. 685-703. DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2020.1719971
• Kulkarni, S.H., Ghude, S.D., Jena, C., Karumuri, R.K., Sinha, B., Sinha, V., Kumar, R., Soni, V.K., Khare, M. How Much Does Large-Scale Crop Residue Burning Affect the Air Quality in Delhi? (2020) Environmental science & technology, 54 (8), pp. 4790-4799. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00329
• Vettikkat, L., Sinha, V., Datta, S., Kumar, A., Hakkim, H., Yadav, P., Sinha, B. Significant emissions of dimethyl sulfide and monoterpenes by big-leaf mahogany trees: Discovery of a missing dimethyl sulfide source to the atmospheric environment (2020) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 20 (1), pp. 375-389. DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-375-2020
• Pallavi, Sinha, B., Sinha, V. Source apportionment of volatile organic compounds in the northwest Indo-Gangetic Plain using a positive matrix factorization model (2019) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 19 (24), pp. 15467-15482. DOI: 10.5194/acp-19-15467-2019
• Hakkim, H., Sinha, V., Chandra, B.P., Kumar, A., Mishra, A.K., Sinha, B., Sharma, G., Pawar, H., Sohpaul, B., Ghude, S.D., Pithani, P., Kulkarni, R., Jenamani, R.K., Rajeevan, M. Volatile organic compound measurements point to fog-induced biomass burning feedback to air quality in the megacity of Delhi (2019) Science of the Total Environment, 689, pp. 295-304. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.438
• Sharma, G., Sinha, B., Pallavi, Hakkim, H., Chandra, B.P., Kumar, A., Sinha, V. Gridded Emissions of CO, NOx, SO2, CO2, NH3, HCl, CH4, PM2.5, PM10, BC, and NMVOC from Open Municipal Waste Burning in India (2019) Environmental Science and Technology, 53 (9), pp. 4765-4774. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b07076
• Mills, G., Pleijel, H., Malley, C.S., Sinha, B., Cooper, O.R., Schultz, M.G., Neufeld, H.S., Simpson, D., Sharps, K., Feng, Z., Gerosa, G., Harmens, H., Kobayashi, K., Saxena, P., Paoletti, E., Sinha, V., Xu, X. Tropospheric ozone assessment report: Present-day tropospheric ozone distribution and trends relevant to vegetation (2018) Elementa, 6, art. no. 47. DOI: 10.1525/elementa.302
• Chandra, B.P., Sinha, V., Hakkim, H., Sinha, B. Storage stability studies and field application of low cost glass flasks for analyses of thirteen ambient VOCs using proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (2017) International Journal of Mass Spectrometry, 419, pp. 11-19. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2017.05.008
• Sarkar, C., Sinha, V., Sinha, B., Panday, A.K., Rupakheti, M., Lawrence, M.G. Source apportionment of NMVOCs in the Kathmandu Valley during the SusKat-ABC international field campaign using positive matrix factorization (2017) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 17 (13), pp. 8129-8156. DOI: 10.5194/acp-17-8129-2017
• Garg, S., Sinha, B. Determining the contribution of long-range transport, regional and local source areas, to PM10 mass loading in Hessen, Germany using a novel multi-receptor based statistical approach (2017) Atmospheric Environment, 167, pp. 566-575. DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.08.029
• Li, K., Sinha, B., Hoppe, P. Nitrogen isotope analysis of NaNO3 and KNO3 by nano secondary ion mass spectrometry using the 15N16O2-/14N16O2- ratio (2016) Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology B: Nanotechnology and Microelectronics, 34 (3), art. no. 030601. DOI: 10.1116/1.4931983
• Li, K., Sinha, B., Hoppe, P. Speciation of Nitrogen-Bearing Species Using Negative and Positive Secondary Ion Spectra with Nano Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (2016) Analytical Chemistry, 88 (6), pp. 3281-3288. DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04740
• Garg, S., Chandra, B.P., Sinha, V., Sarda-Esteve, R., Gros, V., Sinha, B. Limitation of the Use of the Absorption Angstrom Exponent for Source Apportionment of Equivalent Black Carbon: A Case Study from the North West Indo-Gangetic Plain (2016) Environmental Science and Technology, 50 (2), pp. 814-824. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03868
• Sinha, B., Singh Sangwan, K., Maurya, Y., Kumar, V., Sarkar, C., Chandra, B.P., Sinha, V. Assessment of crop yield losses in Punjab and Haryana using 2 years of continuous in situ ozone measurements (2015) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 15 (16), pp. 9555-9576. DOI: 10.5194/acp-15-9555-2015
• Pawar, H., Garg, S., Kumar, V., Sachan, H., Arya, R., Sarkar, C., Chandra, B.P., Sinha, B. Quantifying the contribution of long-range transport to particulate matter (PM) mass loadings at a suburban site in the north-western Indo-Gangetic Plain (NW-IGP) (2015) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 15 (16), pp. 9501-9520. DOI: 10.5194/acp-15-9501-2015
• Nandy, B., Sharma, G., Garg, S., Kumari, S., George, T., Sunanda, Y., Sinha, B. Recovery of consumer waste in India – A mass flow analysis for paper, plastic and glass and the contribution of households and the informal sector (2015) Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 101, pp. 167-181. DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.05.012
• Henning, S., Dieckmann, K., Ignatius, K., Schäfer, M., Zedler, P., Harris, E., Sinha, B., Van Pinxteren, D., Mertes, S., Birmili, W., Merkel, M., Wu, Z., Wiedensohler, A., Wex, H., Herrmann, H., Stratmann, F. Influence of cloud processing on CCN activation behaviour in the Thuringian Forest, Germany during HCCT-2010 (2014) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 14 (15), pp. 7859-7868. DOI: 10.5194/acp-14-7859-2014
• Harris, E., Sinha, B., Van Pinxteren, D., Schneider, J., Poulain, L., Collett, J., D’Anna, B., Fahlbusch, B., Foley, S., Fomba, K.W., George, C., Gnauk, T., Henning, S., Lee, T., Mertes, S., Roth, A., Stratmann, F., Borrmann, S., Hoppe, P., Herrmann, H. In-cloud sulfate addition to single particles resolved with sulfur isotope analysis during HCCT-2010 (2014) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 14 (8), pp. 4219-4235. DOI: 10.5194/acp-14-4219-2014
• Harris, E., Sinha, B., Hoppe, P., Ono, S. High-precision measurements of 33S and 34S fractionation during SO2 oxidation reveal causes of seasonality in SO2 and sulfate isotopic composition (2013) Environmental Science and Technology, 47 (21), pp. 12174-12183. DOI: 10.1021/es402824c
• Huffman, J.A., Prenni, A.J., Demott, P.J., Pöhlker, C., Mason, R.H., Robinson, N.H., Fröhlich-Nowoisky, J., Tobo, Y., Després, V.R., Garcia, E., Gochis, D.J., Harris, E., Müller-Germann, I., Ruzene, C., Schmer, B., Sinha, B., Day, D.A., Andreae, M.O., Jimenez, J.L., Gallagher, M., Kreidenweis, S.M., Bertram, A.K., Pöschl, U. High concentrations of biological aerosol particles and ice nuclei during and after rain (2013) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 13 (13), pp. 6151-6164. DOI: 10.5194/acp-13-6151-2013
• Harris, E., Sinha, B., Van Pinxteren, D., Tilgner, A., Fomba, K.W., Schneider, J., Roth, A., Gnauk, T., Fahlbusch, B., Mertes, S., Lee, T., Collett, J., Foley, S., Borrmann, S., Hoppe, P., Herrmann, H. Enhanced role of transition metal ion catalysis during in-cloud oxidation of SO2 (2013) Science, 340 (6133), pp. 727-730. DOI: 10.1126/science.1230911
• Huffman, J.A., Sinha, B., Garland, R.M., Snee-Pollmann, A., Gunthe, S.S., Artaxo, P., Martin, S.T., Andreae, M.O., Pöschl, U. Size distributions and temporal variations of biological aerosol particles in the Amazon rainforest characterized by microscopy and real-time UV-APS fluorescence techniques during AMAZE-08(2012) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 12 (24), pp. 11997-12019. DOI: 10.5194/acp-12-11997-2012
• Harris, E., Sinha, B., Hoppe, P., Crowley, J.N., Ono, S., Foley, S. Sulfur isotope fractionation during oxidation of sulfur dioxide: Gas-phase oxidation by OH radicals and aqueous oxidation by H2O2, O3 and iron catalysis(2012) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 12 (1), pp. 407-424. DOI: 10.5194/acp-12-407-2012
• Pöhlker, C., Wiedemann, K.T., Sinha, B., Shiraiwa, M., Gunthe, S.S., Smith, M., Su, H., Artaxo, P., Chen, Q., Cheng, Y., Elbert, W., Gilles, M.K., Kilcoyne, A.L.D., Moffet, R.C., Weigand, M., Martin, S.T., Pöschl, U., Andreae, M.O. Biogenic potassium salt particles as seeds for secondary organic aerosol in the Amazon(2012) Science, 337 (6098), pp. 1075-1078. DOI: 10.1126/science.1223264
• Harris, E., Sinha, B., Foley, S., Crowley, J.N., Borrmann, S., Hoppe, P. Sulfur isotope fractionation during heterogeneous oxidation of SO2 on mineral dust(2012) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 12 (11), pp. 4867-4884. DOI: 10.5194/acp-12-4867-2012
• Harris, E., Sinha, B., Hoppe, P., Foley, S., Borrmann, S. Fractionation of sulfur isotopes during heterogeneous oxidation of SO 2 on sea salt aerosol: A new tool to investigate non-sea salt sulfate production in the marine boundary layer(2012) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 12 (10), pp. 4619-4631. DOI: 10.5194/acp-12-4619-2012
• Jochum, K.P., Wang, X., Vennemann, T.W., Sinha, B., Müller, W.E.G. Siliceous deep-sea sponge Monorhaphis chuni: A potential paleoclimate archive in ancient animals(2012) Chemical Geology, 300-301, pp. 143-151. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2012.01.009
• Pöschl, U., Martin, S.T., Sinha, B., Chen, Q., Gunthe, S.S., Huffman, J.A., Borrmann, S., Farmer, D.K., Garland, R.M., Helas, G., Jimenez, J.L., King, S.M., Manzi, A., Mikhailov, E., Pauliquevis, T., Petters, M.D., Prenni, A.J., Roldin, P., Rose, D., Schneider, J., Su, H., Zorn, S.R., Artaxo, P., Andreae, M.O.Rainforest aerosols as biogenic nuclei of clouds and precipitation in the Amazon(2010) Science, 329 (5998), pp. 1513-1516. DOI: 10.1126/science.1191056
• Müller, W.E.G., Wang, X., Sinha, B., Wiens, M., Schröder, H.-C., Jochum, K.P. NanoSIMS: Insights into the organization of the proteinaceous scaffold within hexactinellid sponge spicules(2010) ChemBioChem, 11 (8), pp. 1077-1082. DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201000078
• Halm, H., Musat, N., Lam, P., Langlois, R., Musat, F., Peduzzi, S., Lavik, G., Schubert, C.J., Sinha, B., Laroche, J., Kuypers, M.M.M. Co-occurrence of denitrification and nitrogen fixation in a meromictic lake, Lake Cadagno (Switzerland)(2009) Environmental Microbiology, 11 (8), pp. 1945-1958. DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009.01917.x
• Sinha, B.W., Hoppe, P., Huth, J., Foley, S., Andreae, M.O. Sulfur isotope analyses of individual aerosol particles in the urban aerosol at a central European site (Mainz, Germany)(2008) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 8 (23), pp. 7217-7238. DOI: 10.5194/acp-8-7217-2008
• Musat, N., Halm, H., Winterholler, B., Hoppe, P., Peduzzi, S., Hillion, F., Horreard, F., Amann, R., Jørgensen, B.B., Kuypers, M.M.M. A single-cell view on the ecophysiology of anaerobic phototrophic bacteria(2008) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105 (46), pp. 17861-17866. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0809329105
• Winterholler, B., Hoppe, P., Foley, S., Andreae, M.O. Sulfur isotope ratio measurements of individual sulfate particles by NanoSIMS(2008) International Journal of Mass Spectrometry, 272 (1), pp. 63-77. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2008.01.003
• Winterholler, B., Hoppe, P., Andreae, M.O., Foley, S. Measurement of sulfur isotope ratios in micrometer-sized samples by NanoSIMS (2006) Applied Surface Science, 252 (19), pp. 7128-7131. DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2006.02.150

• IDC203: Introduction to earth sciences
• IDC208: Introduction to environmental sciences
• EES302: Sustainable interactions with the Atmosphere, Hydrosphere and Pedosphere
• EES401: Quantitative data analysis in earth and environmental sciences
• EES641: Radiogenic isotope geology
• HSS636: Climate change and sustainable development
• IDC408: Environmental hygiene, sanitation and waste management
• IDC635: Aerosol measurements: Principles and applications

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